Capital Punishment Should Be Legal - 933 Words

One of the most controversial issues in the country today is addressed in the question, should capital punishment be applied to minors and, if so how young it too young? Although, capital punishment has been a part of the United States for many years, the United States still have yet to figure out how to solve all its dilemmas and whether or not capital punishment should be administered to minors. Debates about the use of capital punishment for juveniles have grown increasingly intense, within the last ten years, because of the alarming increase of serious and violent crimes that demand for harsher punishment. In 2005, the U.S. Supreme Court outlawed capital punishment for juveniles who were under the age of eighteen at the time of the crimes, because they believe it violates the Eighth Amendment ban on cruel and unusual punishment. Although, capital punishment seems as a severe consequence for children under the age of eighteen, the punishment should fit the crime regardless of age. Critics of capital punishment believe minors should be excluded because their brains are not fully developed; thus minors make rash, impulsive decisions that cannot fully understand the impact or consequences of their actions. Scientific research shows that the human brain does not fully develop until the age of twenty-five. Which causes the debate of, why does the death penalty apply to individuals, ages eighteen to twenty-four, if their brains are also, not fully developed. The legal age ofShow MoreRelatedCapital Punishment Should Be Legal846 Words   |  4 Pagesyou within minutes. Should this be legal, or should criminals have to live with their crimes? Capital punishment is the cause of many debates throughout the country. Some people believe that Capital Punishment should be allowed as it gives the victims families the closure they desperately require. Others, like myself, believe that those who do unspeakable crimes should have to live with that guilt in a 6-foot by 8-foot cement room. Also, the problem with Capital Punishment, is sentencing the wrongRead MoreShould Capital Punishment Be Legal?974 Words   |  4 Pagessuch laws of capital punishment. His overall purpose was to inform that he does not agree with execution of Ted Bundy. He sees capital punishment an immoral as quoted (I think the killing of one human makes no sense and is inherently immoral). The author opinion is agreeable with mine. I argue that capital punishment the execution should be legal. And such manners that I don’t agree with the author because the execution of violent criminals. Such as Ted Bundy should be more legal by most statesRead MoreCapital Punishment Should Not Be Legal950 Words   |  4 PagesCapital Punishment is still used in the United States, and there has been 152 people that has been released from death row since 1973. There has been many more people that were not released but executed and possibly innocent. Kantian ethics is the theory that says the moral actions are not determined by the consequences but by the right nature of the action. Capital punishment may be questionable with some cases of innocents, with that being said the use of capital punishment should only be usedRead MoreEssay on Should Capital Punishment Be Legal?992 Words   |  4 PagesCapital punishment is a very controversial issue today. There are good statements made on both sides of the argument. A couple of questions should be asked before deciding which side to take in the never ending debate of capital punishment. Is capital punishment a cruel and unusual way of punishing serious offenders? Should the mentally ill be susceptible to capital punishment? A lot of states made capital punishment legal, but not all of them use it as freely as some states like Texas. The stateRead MoreCapital Punishment: Should it be Legal? Essay955 Words   |  4 PagesCapital Punishment: Should it be Legal? After the Timothy McVeigh execution over 80 percent of viewers polled supported the decision the courts made to put McVeigh to death, and even a handful of the people who supported the execution thought it was preformed in a way that was too humane. Some people say that the death penalty is the most effective way to control serious crimes such as murder, while others say that it is extremely unethical and should not be legal in a country as developed asRead MoreShould Capital Punishment be legal in the U.K?1022 Words   |  5 PagesShould Capital Punishment be legal in the U.K? A poll taken showed that 60% of citizens in the United Kingdom wanted Capital Punishment re-instated, even more people wanted it in cases of murder with Police Officers or children involved. Capital Punishment is the most severe deterrent or retribution in existence and aims to deter future obligates from committing such heinous crimes for which the death penalty would be apportioned. The principal of this being that the ‘future criminal’ will beRead MoreEssay on Capital Punishment Should Remain Legal1253 Words   |  6 Pages I am going to argue that capital punishment is a morally and logically justifiable punishment for criminals. I will demonstrate this by showing how the logic behind not having the death penalty is invalid. I will also present examples that will defend my argument. I will then present counterarguments and their implications. The death penalty in the United States is a contested subject, and even recently it has been voted to be unconstitutional by some states. Currently there are manyRead MoreCapital Punishment and its Controversies 1434 Words   |  6 PagesCapital punishment uses death penalty as a form of punishment in many states and countries. It is a practice that has raised endless questions all over the world. Capital punishment or death penalty policy has changed in many countries overtime. Countries such as, New Australia, Zealand and 15 states in the US do not have capital punishment. One of the major concerns arising with capital punishment is because it causes ending of a human life. People and organizations of different backgrounds areRead MoreDeath Penalty On Violent Criminals1520 Words   |  7 PagesPenalty on Violent Criminals The Death penalty, known as capital punishment is when a criminal is executed by a governing authority. We (the United States) continue to allow the death penalty. Many countries make the death penalty illegal. Many discussions over this being legal, moral ethical, and economic ramifications of the death penalty are continuous across the world. Most of the nations have at one time made the death penalty legal for serious crimes. â€Å"Since 1800, the number of nations thatRead MoreThe Merits and Pitfalls of Capital Punishment Today1482 Words   |  6 Pages Capital punishment is an age-old practice. It has been used in civilizations for millennia, and will continue to be used for millennia to come. Whether used for the right or wrong reasons, capital punishment is unmistakable in its various forms. From hangings, to firing squads, to lethal injections, capital punishment and the associated proceeding have evolved over time. There have been many arguments against capital punishm ent, many of which still hold true. As capital punishment has evolved over

History Is Written By The Victors Essay - 1382 Words

â€Å"History is written by the victors† aptly describes the inconsistency between the indigenous people’ and the European newcomers’ recounts of the American settler-colonialism period from the 16th to 19th century. To the Spanish and other European powers their presence in the New World had transformed the ecology and social dynamics for the better. However, through the lens of the Native Americans, there lies a different portrayal of the European influence: the foreigners brought a wave of negative events. Even though the colonists introduced new technology for warfare, hunting, and transportation and a plethora of domesticated animals to the natives, they also ushered a phase of epidemics, mass murder, and relocation. Whether it was indigenous people seeking independence from or assimilating into the new sovereignty, America’s natives were ultimately eliminated either physically or culturally. Defining elimination, Patrick Wolfe states that â€Å"inva sion is recognized as a structure rather than an event† because it can establish its intention as â€Å"structural genocide† (Wolfe, 402). Actions such as burning villages and pillaging when the members of the pueblos would not offer food and supplies as tribute were some of the many examples of European settlers justifying their undertakings for nonsensical reasons. Those who chose to acculturate into the dominating power found themselves losing their entire identities: the names of places and language all were replaced with EuropeanShow MoreRelatedHistory : Genghis Khan, Julius Caesar, And Alexander The Great919 Words   |  4 Pageshroughout history, Genghis Khan, Julius Caesar, and Alexander the Great are successful conquerors in history. Genghis Khan a tyrant and a bloodthirsty villain during his period he conquered more territory than any other leader in history. Julius Caesar a great general that ever lived, he also knew how to elevate money for festivals and gi fts. Lastly, Alexander the Great is a person who conquered many territories, had a large empire, formed the Hellenistic culture, and became very successful. E.HRead MoreAnalysis Of Mary Shelley s Frankenstein 843 Words   |  4 PagesThe Wretch Frankenstein is a novel written by English author Mary Shelley about a peculiar scientist named Victor Frankenstein. Victor, who is a scientist endeavoring to make history, engenders a monstrous but attentive creature in an eccentric scientific experiment. The monster that he engenders faces abnegation and fear from his creator and society. The monster is the worst kind of scientific experiment gone awry. The creature has compassion for society but additionally wants to take revenge onRead MoreSmoke Signals: the Importance of Oral Tradition in Native Culture997 Words   |  4 Pagesfondness for intimate storytelling, strongly represents the Native culture of the Oral Tradition, whereas Victor, however part of the Native culture himself, doesn’t fully embrace this practice, and is reluctant to engage in verbally sharing his feelings and memories of his father. As Tonto and the Lone Ranger set out on a journey to Arizona, two strangers in a land of Written Tradition, Victor mus t learn to accept the Oral Tradition as his own, as well as begin to understand his father’s unconditionalRead MoreAnalysis Of George Orwell s Pigs And The Party 1562 Words   |  7 PagesWinston Churchill once said, â€Å"History is written by the victors.† This means that victors ultimately document history and have jurisdiction over it. They control the past, present, and the future, establishing their accounts of â€Å"history†. In 1984 by George Orwell, Oceania and the Party is the victor and have absolute power over history. The totalitarian government authorizes practically everything and manipulates the citizens to the most extreme level. From psychological manipulation to NewspeakRead MoreAnalysis Of Mary Shelley s Frankenstein 966 Words   |  4 Pagesthe ideals proposed in Frankenstein, written in the late nineteenth century by Mary Shelley, can be applied to modern day practices. She proposes that an abundance of knowledge and technology can be threatening to individuals and all of humanity if used incorrectly. Shelley s novel provided society with philosophical insight of the impact of morally questionable scientific and technological research. The popular belief of how Frankenstein came to be written is explained in the introduction to theRead MoreWarning Of The Dangers Of Science Or Suggestion That The Human1309 Words   |  6 Pagesdiscover solutions for problems; humankind is truly one of a kind. This distinctive quality grants humanity the ability to innovate, improve on what already exists, and create completely new things. In Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein the main character Victor Frankenstein does just that, by creating his monster. Delving into the pages of Frankenstein one can discover many underlying themes such as science and morality, true monstrosity, and human thirst for discovery. Over the years many have posed theRead MoreMary Shelley s Frankenstein - Romanticism And Enlightenment1233 Words   |  5 PagesMary Shelley’s Frankenstein is a true literary masterpiece and one of the best horror novels ever written. The book also allows for us to get a glimpse into the nineteenth century world and the society in which this novel was written in. Like most novels, Frankenstein was deeply influenced by the society in which it was written in. Ideas such as romanticism and post enlightenment are seen throughout the work and have a great impact upon the book. Now the story of Frankenstein is legendary and everyoneRead MoreThe Victorian Era1706 Words   |  7 PagesThroughout history, cultures and societies across the globe have used monsters or any sort of creature to exemplify anxieties and fears that they have. The same can be said for works of literature and art. These authors use these anxieties, personify them, and use them to exaggerate the fears of the readers. In short, the monsters/creatures that are created in each literary era depict and personify the biggest fears and viewpoints of the society that it was written in. In the case of the Victorian/RomanticRead MoreMonsters within a Young Girl’s Mind: Frankenstein by Mary Shelley1379 Words   |  6 Pagesbliss. O n Eric McMillan’s website, The Greatest Literature of All Time: the commentary on Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein shows criticism. Though Eric states at the beginning, â€Å"that the novel only had three things going for it and that it was very poorly written† (McMillan). Furthermore, that it is, â€Å"unfortunately, the moral that readers and critics have taken from the story—and which Shelley clearly intends—is that expressed by Frankenstein: Knowledge is dangerous; ignorance is bliss† (McMillan). In theRead MoreA Comparison Of The Short Story In Smoke Signals1244 Words   |  5 Pagesnot going to follow The Lone Ranger and Tonto Fistfight in Heaven in quite the way that I originally expected. I do not think that this was a terrible thing. While the novel itself was made up of short stories, Smoke Signals focused primarily on Victor and Thomas’s trip to Arizona. Following their trip to retrieve Victor’s father made the film alm ost entirely different from the novel, but the film directors did a wonderful job ensuring that the message behind the film, as well as the native culture

Analyze the Security Issues In Cloud Computing †Free Samples

Question: Discuss about the Analyze the Security Issues In Cloud Computing. Answer: Introduction There is an important requirement of securely store, share, analyze as well as manage huge amount of complicated data, which are semis-structured and unstructured in order to determine the specific patterns as well as trends for enhancing the quality of managing information (Lian et al. 2014). The critical nature of the applications leads to use cloud to be secure. However, major security challenges with the cloud become major concerns of the users. In this aspect, the emerging cloud computing model attempts in addressing the explosive development of the devices that are connected on the web and handle huge amount of data. Presently, Google has introduced MapReduce framework in order to process large amount of data on the commodity hardware. The research will analyze the security issues associated with cloud computing and recommended possible measures to mitigate the issues. Scope of the proposed research The research will be helpful to identify different types of attacks occurred in cloud computing. The issues including security in storage, network security, middleware security and data security will be analyzed in the research (Modi et al. 2013). On the other hand, particular aspects of cloud computing will be critically evaluated in the research that will be helpful to take measures to protect the attacks (Hashem et al. 2015). In addition, security issues in different types of cloud computing such as PaaS, IaaS and SaaS will be presented in the research. Proposed recommendations would be helpful to mitigate security issues in cloud computing. Definition of important terms Cloud computing: It is considered as information technology paradigm as well as model for enabling ubiquitous access to the shared pools for configurable resources. Access control: Access control systems can perform authorization for identification, authentication, access approval as well as accountability of the entities through login credentials that include passwords, biometric scans and personal identification number. Aim of the research The research aims to identify the security issues lied in the use of cloud computing and critically evaluate them. In addition, the research will provide appropriate recommendations in order to overcome the security issues in cloud computing. Rationale of the research Even though the cloud computing provides potential advantages, there are several security issues involved with cloud computing. It includes networks, databases, virtualizations, scheduling of resources, transaction management and memory management. Security issues for several systems as well as technologies are applicable to cloud computing. For instance, the network interconnecting the particular systems in a cloud needs to be secure. Hence, it becomes an important issue of research (Ali et al. 2015). On the other hand, mapping virtual machines to the physical machines needs to be carried out securely. A resource allocation as well as memory management algorithm requires to be secured so that the cloud services can be effectively offered. Furthermore, data mining techniques need to be applicable in order to detect malware in clouds that requires analyzing (Chang and Ramachandran 2016). Data security engages encryption of the data and ensuring that proper policies can be enforced for the process of data sharing. Therefore, analyzing cloud security issues becomes immensely important and achieved in the present research. Literature review Overview Cloud explains the utilization of a collection of services, information, applications as well as infrastructure that is comprised of pools of compute, network, storage as well as information resources. The elements can be rapidly provisioned, deployed as well as decommissioned providing for on-demand utility like model of allocations as well as demand utility-like model related to consumption and allocations. Cloud features: Cloud computing is an integral part of any business or companies who have adopted this process. The main use of this process is used to get scalability in architecture and efficiency in business processes (Li et al. 2013). Moreover, the various components of the cloud computing processes are the SaaS, PaaS and the IaaS. The SaaS is termed as the software as a service which is basically used t make software in the cloud. The PaaS is the platform as a service which is used to implement the platform of the cloud infrastructures. The third party vendors responsible for giving the cloud platform provides the tools and services for providing the customizable options to their clients (Rewagad and Pawar 2013). Lastly, the IaaS or the infrastructure as a service is used to get computational resources from the cloud to host the set of applications or software. Risks in cloud computing However, the use of these services can also be risky adoptions if proper security checks are not adopted. In addition to security for the data, the compliance to policies and standards are also other risks that must be addressed by the companies concerned. This report discusses about the various risks present in accepting cloud solutions. The first risk in the cloud features are the need for a good security policy. According to a survey among various business companies and organizations implementing the cloud solutions, the majority risks are in their security aspects (Xiao and Xiao 2013). This means that are always the target for security breaches by attackers or other unethical workers. This is termed as a red flag in any system and proper security must be in place for supporting them. The major services for collecting emails like the SendGrid or the major applications for taking notes like the Evernote, are always the targets for a data breach (Wei et al. 2014). This is always done to get the information from them which lead to grave threats for the company themselves. This gives a pre-requisite for adopting the risk mitigation techniques like encryption and tokenizing for enhancing the security needs. The non compliance to standards or policies is another issue in the cloud computing aspects which is of great concern. For a cloud vendor, the policies and security adopted in their services are to be opening sourced so that their clients can see them and adhere to them accordingly (Zhao et al. 2014). This is also of a concern to the companies accepting these solutions as the policies and frameworks in place for their infrastructure might be vulnerable to risks and breaches (Arora et al. 2013). Thus, a client of a third party business must also see to this to get compliance to the regulations as any breaches in their systems due to this can lead to extreme loss of business, fines or even lawsuits. The next issue is the loss of control over the services. A cloud service provide or the third party vendors always provide assurance to their clients about the type of the services that will be provide, the data centre that will be used or even the platform that will be used. From a survey conducted for cloud features, various companies do not accept the cloud solutions due to the loss of expertise in controlling their solutions (Kaur and Mahajan 2013). This loss of control is the main reason for almost all businesses to opt out of their cloud infrastructures. Although the cloud vendors are always providing trust in the minds of their clients, the fact still remains that the loss of services is to be addressed and the client companies need to have information about the location of their data and even the type of the solution used for security. In addition, in case of any breaches in the system, the clients along with the vendors will be considered responsible for these types of cases . The fourth issue in the cloud security features is the disaster recovery plans and the mitigation techniques adopted (Inukollu et al. 2014). During the strike of a disaster in the system, the operations and all the processes are backed up to the cloud which is stored in online and offline modes (Rao and Selvamani 2015). These are the normal methods of addressing disaster plans. However, the internet connections used a provided by the Ethernet cables which slows down the backup process. During the onset of the attack, information is to be sent by these media and this is the main cause in reduction of the speed. This raises a security issue in operations where sometimes backups cannot be made in the proper time (Cao et al. 2014). Furthermore, during recovery options, the reverting back of changes also requires downloading the solutions from the storages to make the system go online. This process also causes hindrances to the system as the rate of reverting back is extremely slow (Sugum aran et al. 2014). This is another area where the various risks in security need to be addressed. In case of reverting back the backed up process from storages, the need to secure their system against further attacks are necessary. Failure to comply with this can lead to many other attacks and may lead to loss in the backed up process. Research gap The research will identify the potential security issues involved with cloud computing. However, some areas will not be covered like issues lied in third part providers. Hence, future researcher can do research on the mentioned area of cloud computing. Additionally, cloud computing in SaaS needs to be analyzed in detailed. Possible measures to overcome the issues The cloud is the model of delivering on-demand computing resources from the applications to the data centers over the web on the basic of pay for use. In order to minimize security issues several measures can be taken such as multi-tenancy, information integrity as well as privacy (Rong et al. 2013). Multi tenancy can be implied on computational resources, storage, database, logical as well as physical platform at the premises of provider. In order to deliver secured multi-tenancy, it is required to maintain location transparency. On the other hand, exposing resources over the internet to valid users as well as malicious attackers needs to be included in this process (Dinh et al. 2013). In the perspectives of maintaining third party control, owner has any control on data as it is a known as third party issue. Cloud providers are not aware of the architecture effective; therefore it is required to adopt effective security measure so that security issues can be mitigated. Summary It can be summarized from above content that, there are generally three types of service models associated with cloud service such as software as a service (SaaS), Platform as a Service (PaaS) and Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS). However, with the rapid growth of the use of cloud computing, security issues are also increasing. Therefore, it becomes important to research on the security issues lied in the use of cloud computing. hence, it is important to research on the security issues in cloud computing. Methodology Research methodology assists to define most appropriate approach, which requires to be adopted in order to attain complete as well as detailed results of the procedure. The theories as well as concepts detailed results of the procedure. Mackey and Gass (2015) stated that theories as well as concepts in research methodology is helpful to analysis in detailed and better way regarding the topic of the research. Application of research methodology assists in comprehending the particular process adopted in the process of analyzing the research of cloud security issues. The detailed procedure of research methodology leads to find the common errors that may create limits within the process of research. Along with these, the researcher has tried to apply detailed process of research methodology, which helps in doing better analysis of cloud security issues. Research approach Research approach is a tool that helps to developed format needed to conduct the study. J A specific research topic can be undertaken for studying in broad ways either in deductive and inductive research. Inductive approach assists in studying in a research topic when adequate data on the selected topic is not available (Taylor et al. 2015). The initial phase of inductive approach is doing observation, which assists in obtaining relevant information and develops the way of the research proceed accordingly. Inductive approach can be helpful in serving the purpose of developing new theory for any topic. On contrary, deductive approach is utilized as a procedure that explains practical application of the theories that is studied in order to obtain access to the content of research. Deductive approach aims to develop a theory with more specifications as well as concepts of data analysis (Brinkmann 2014). On the other hand, depending upon the nature of the study as well as research topic, the chosen research approach is developed, which can assist in doing better analysis of the particular topic. The study will try to study the specific concepts associated to security issues in cloud computing with the assistance of several theoretical knowledge. Models related to security needed for selection of the approach, which can assist in comprehension for getting much precise as well as clear way. On the other hand, inductive approach fails to be implemented at the topic as there are no new theories emphasized by the researcher. Research strategy The research strategy assists in evaluating the specific research framework of the research topic. It would be helpful in order to select the collection as well as analysis pattern. During the procedure of data collection, a specific type of approach is applied, which is helpful in better explanation of the research strategy. Vaioleti (2016) stated that there are three types of research design used in academic research design such as explanatory, exploratory as well as descriptive. Exploratory research design is helpful for a researcher in order to acknowledge several types of ideas as well as thoughts needed for completion of the research paper. On the other hand, explanatory research design explains the possibility of occurrence of events as well as correspondingly effect of the process. Due to more description of the cause and effect relationship, penetration details of the particular research become limited. Finally, descriptive research strategy aims to obtain details as to state the occurrence of the detailed process along with appropriate explanation of the topic. Application of explanatory will be avoided as it supports the concepts of making longitudinal study, which is not possible for the topic. On the other hand, descriptive research design is able to define detailed procedure involved in the security issues involved in cloud computing. Data collection and analysis Data are considered as useful collection of information as well as facts, which are helpful to study any types of research. Gast and Ledford (2014) commented that data collections assist in order to deliver accurate outcomes to a research process as well as enables the standard format of the research study. Data sources helps in penetrating the topic of research as well as assist to extract data as per the needs. Primary and secondary data sources will provide materials that are helpful in order to obtain details of the research topic. Primary data assist in collecting raw data, which will be directly catered according to the requirements of the research topic. Primary data will be collected from randomly selected users of cloud services. On the other hand, secondary data are collected and used from different sources such as books, journals and websites Qualitative data are helpful in order to record narrative form of the data, which add better explanation of the research topic. Qualitative data assists in adding theoretical concepts in the practical field, which leads to make better comprehension of the research topic unlike quantitative process. Quantitative data will be applied in the form of statistical data, which assists in recording data of large sample sizes. In the study, quantitative research technique will be applied. Ethical considerations During the procedure of conducting research methodology, it is required to follow a code, which assists in detecting wrong and right set of behavior needed to adopt during the procedure. The researcher for analyzing the security issues lied in cloud computing and recommendations for minimizing the issues are discussed in the study. In the processing of data application, data obtained though conducting a study of the particular topic with special references to the cloud computing security issues (Bauer 2014). However, any types of commercial applications of the data will be avoided so that the findings and outcomes will be strictly limited to the academic purpose only. On the other hand, the research tried to include no external influence or pressure over the participants in the feedback process. Summary The present section portrayed the different research tool that will assist better analysis of the research topic. With the assistance of the section, researcher will true to align nature of the study with the available research technique. It helps to frame the best possible methodology for the research. Method for 11 week thesis Main activities Week 1 Week 2-3 Week 3-4 Week 4-6 Week 7-9 Week 10 Week 11 Selection of research approach Selection of research approach Selection of research strategy Selection of research strategy Data collection process Data collection process Primary data collection Data collection process Data analysis process Data analysis process Data analysis process Ethical consideration forming Research plan for 11 week thesis Main activities Week 1 Week 2-3 Week 3-4 Week 4-6 Week 7-9 Week 10 Week 11 Selection of topic Data collection from secondary sources Creation of layout Doing Literature review Forming research Plan Appropriate Research method selection Collecting Primary data Analysis and Interpretation of accumulated Data Findings from the data Conclusion of the research Forming Rough Draft Submission of the research References Ali, M., Khan, S.U. and Vasilakos, A.V., 2015. Security in cloud computing: Opportunities and challenges.Information Sciences,305, pp.357-383. Arora, R., Parashar, A. and Transforming, C.C.I., 2013. Secure user data in cloud computing using encryption algorithms.International journal of engineering research and applications,3(4), pp.1922-1926. Bauer, G.R., 2014. Incorporating intersectionality theory into population health research methodology: challenges and the potential to advance health equity.Social Science Medicine,110, pp.10-17. Brinkmann, S., 2014. Interview. InEncyclopedia of Critical Psychology(pp. 1008-1010). Springer New York. Cao, N., Wang, C., Li, M., Ren, K. and Lou, W., 2014. Privacy-preserving multi-keyword ranked search over encrypted cloud data.IEEE Transactions on parallel and distributed systems,25(1), pp.222-233. Chang, V. and Ramachandran, M., 2016. Towards achieving data security with the cloud computing adoption framework.IEEE Transactions on Services Computing,9(1), pp.138-151. Dinh, H.T., Lee, C., Niyato, D. and Wang, P., 2013. A survey of mobile cloud computing: architecture, applications, and approaches.Wireless communications and mobile computing,13(18), pp.1587-1611. Gast, D.L. and Ledford, J.R. eds., 2014.Single case research methodology: Applications in special education and behavioral sciences. Routledge. Hashem, I.A.T., Yaqoob, I., Anuar, N.B., Mokhtar, S., Gani, A. and Khan, S.U., 2015. The rise of big data on cloud computing: Review and open research issues.Information Systems,47, pp.98-115. Inukollu, V.N., Arsi, S. and Ravuri, S.R., 2014. Security issues associated with big data in cloud computing.International Journal of Network Security Its Applications,6(3), p.45. Kaur, M. and Mahajan, M., 2013. Using encryption algorithms to enhance the data security in cloud computing.International journal of communication and computer technologies,1(12), pp.56-59. Li, M., Yu, S., Zheng, Y., Ren, K. and Lou, W., 2013. 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Use of digital signature with diffie hellman key exchange and AES encryption algorithm to enhance data security in cloud computing. InCommunication Systems and Network Technologies (CSNT), 2013 International Conference on(pp. 437-439). IEEE. Rong, C., Nguyen, S.T. and Jaatun, M.G., 2013. Beyond lightning: A survey on security challenges in cloud computing.Computers Electrical Engineering,39(1), pp.47-54. Sugumaran, M., Murugan, B.B. and Kamalraj, D., 2014, February. An architecture for data security in cloud computing. InComputing and Communication Technologies (WCCCT), 2014 World Congress on(pp. 252-255). IEEE. Taylor, S.J., Bogdan, R. and DeVault, M., 2015.Introduction to qualitative research methods: A guidebook and resource. John Wiley Sons. Tuohy, D., Cooney, A., Dowling, M., Murphy, K. and Sixsmith, J., 2013. An overview of interpretive phenomenology as a research methodology.Nurse Researcher,20(6), pp.17-20. Vaioleti, T.M., 2016. 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Study Habits free essay sample

When the chance finally comes, they are not prepared and are likely to miss a similar shot again. In contrast, a tennis coach can give tennis players repeated opportunities to hit backhand volleys that are progressively more challenging ND eventually integrated into representative match play. However, unlike recreational play, such deliberate practice requires high levels of concentration with few outside distractions and is not typically spontaneous but carefully scheduled (Ericson, 1 996, 2002).A tennis player who takes advantage of this instruction and then engages in particular practice activities recommended by the teacher for a couple of hours in deeply focused manner (deliberate practice), may improve specific aspects of his or her game more than he or she otherwise might experience after many years of recreational play. Ericson, Kramer, and Teach-Roomer (1993) proposed that the acquisition of ex- pert performance was primarily the result of the cumulative effect of engagement in deliberate-practice activities where the explicit goal is to improve particular aspects of performance. These activities are typically designed by a teacher or by the elite performers themselves when they have reached a sufficiently high level of mastery. The specific goals of deliberate practice and the detailed nature of training activities will differ for a given person from practice session to practice session as it will from one errors to another in a given domain and particularly across domains.However, the general goal Of all forms of deliberate practice involves improving some aspect of performance in an effective manner and, thus, deliberate practice has a number of pre-requisites, including the capacity to sustain full concentration, a distraction-free environment, and access to necessary training resources. Hence to engage in deliberate practice the aspiring elite performers often need to travel to a training facility and to schedule the practice activity to assure the ability to sustain concentration during E. A. Plant et al. Contemporary Educational Psychology 30 (2005) 96-1 16 99 the daily practice activity (Ericson, 1 996, 2002, AAA). Ericson et al. (1993) and Ericson (1 996, 2002, AAA) demonstrated that the attained level of an individual?s performance is closely related to the reported amount of deliberate practice, primarily solitary practice focused on improvement, that he or she has accumulated since the introduction to a domain, such as chess (Chariness, Kramer, Marry, 1 996), sports (Ericson, 2001, AAA, Bibb; Helsel, Starkest, Hodges, 1 998; Starkest, Decking, Lard, Hodges, Hayes, 1996), and music (Ericson et al. 993; Kramer Ericson, 1996; Lehmann Ericson, 1996; Sailboard, 1996). In studies of college education, similar evidence has been accumulated for differential effectiveness of various learning activities. Inspired by Crack and Outliving ¶s (1975) classic work on depth of processing, Schemes and Grove (1979) found that college students with above average Gaps differed from students w ith below average grades in their reports of cognitive processes mediating their learning.The students with higher Gaps were found to endorse more inventory items about elaborative encoding and deep analysis and synthesis, but were not found to fifer in their endorsement of traditional study and learning methods from the students with lower Gaps. In fact, they found that students? endorsement of traditional study was negatively related to their academic assessment tests (ACT).More recent research on effective learning (for reviews see Pinprick, 2000; Pestilence Plinking, 2001 ; Zimmerman, 2000) has explored successful students ¶ reports of the regulation of learning activities and the study environment within educational settings. For example, Zimmerman and Bandeau (1994) showed that self-efficacy (as rated by college dents) and grade expectations predicted grades in a writing class. Bandmasters, Pinprick, and Badgering (1996) found that college students with low, medium, and high course grades differed in their reported learning characteristics for social and natural science but not humanities courses.Specifically, Bandmasters et al. (1996) showed that high achievers in social and natural science had more domain-specific knowledge, more adaptive motivational beliefs, and better self-regulation. More recently Zimmerman (1 998, 2002) has developed a general framework for self-regulation in studying. He demonstrated close parallels between effective activities in studying in academic settings and self-regulated practice in the development of expert performance in many domains of expertise (Ericson, 1996, 2002, AAA, Bibb).The current paper seeks to identify observable indicators of effective learning activities in the complex domain of academic performance in a university setting by extending the theoretical frameworks of deliberate practice and self-regulated learning. We propose that distinctions between deliberate practice and other types of practice can be applied to studying and hat this distinction can, at least in part, explain why measures combining all types of study activities in the school system are not valid predictors of grades.Furthermore, we propose a few observable indicators that would reveal active efforts by some of the students to plan study activities in environments that are conducive to deliberate practice and self-regulated study activities in college. Of particular interest are learning activities reflecting deliberate and self-regulated practice that are related to increased performance (GAP). However, in addition to factors that are hypothesized to remote the quality of study, there are numerous other factors in the college environment that also influence GAP 100 and performance across a wide range of academic subjects (e. . , prior knowledge of subject, skills, and cognitive abilities). Therefore, our approach focuses on measuring a wide range of factors important for academic performance, so that we can statistically control for these factors and eventually estimate the relationship between study time and academic performance. 1 . 2. Toward a model of factors that determine grades during a semester In college Common measures of performance in college are the emulated GAP or the GAP for a given semester. These measures are averages of course grades, which are likely determined by two types of factors.The first type can be measured prior to the start of a targeted semester, such as the knowledge, abilities, and skills that had been acquired prior to the start of the semester. The second group of factors consists of the concurrent study and the learning and non-learning activities that take place during the semester. We consider each of these types of factors in turn. 1 . 2. 1 . Factors reflecting conditions prior to the start of a semester Previously acquired knowledge, skills, and stable abilities relevant to a given course will directly affect performance on tests and the final examination.These factors will also have an indirect impact by influencing the amount and type of new learning that is necessary during the semester for a student to reach a given level of mastery. Based on a large body of research, the best measures of basic cognitive skills and abilities and prior learning are SAT scores, high- school GAP, and prior grades in college (e. G. , Allen et al. , 1972; Groaner Lawmakers Zulu, 2000; Henries, 1972; Schuman et al. , 1985). Allen teal. (1972), for example, found that high school rank was a better predictor of GAP than study time or test anxiety. Standardized assessments of aptitude such as SAT and ACT scores are also predictive of performance in college (Gardner Lawmakers Zulu, 2000; Henries, 1 972; Schuman et al. , 1985). One might argue that the single best variable summarizing this information would be the cumulative GAP for college at the time of the start of the relevant semester. However, this measure also reflects many stable characteristics concerning quality and quantity of past study behaviors that re likely to be continued into the current semester. . 2. 2. Factors reflecting effective study during a semester If the goal is to predict GAP and cumulative GAP for students, it is necessary to focus on information that students are capable of reporting accurately from memory about the entire current semester. Although it would be fascinating if students were willing to report their detailed study processes for every hour of study during the semester, it would be virtually impossible to validate this information, particularly retrospectively.Consequently, we chose to focus on observable heartsickness of activities that students actively initiated to influence not only the amount of study time but also the quality of study. Based on the deliberate-practice framework, effective learning requires high levels of concentration and focus on the study activities (Ericson, 1996, 2002; Ericson et 1993). As a result, studying should be more 101 effective if it takes place in environments that allow full concentration (Zimmerman, 1998, 2002).Whereas s ome students may walk over to the library to study alone, others may study with friends and in settings with many potential distracted. However, studying is more likely to reach a quality consistent with deliberate practice and slaughtered academic learning if students schedule studying activities at suitable times and in locations where they would be unlikely to be interrupted and distracted. Consistent with this argument, when researchers have taken steps to assess distractions or interruptions to studying they are typically successful in predicting academic performance.For example, Michaels and Mattie?s (1989) found that studying with the radio and TV was associated with a lower GAP Henries (1972) found that the amount of effective study time (I. . , the number of uninterrupted minutes spent studying) predicted GAP. In addition, Allen et al. (1972) found that the number of interruptions that students reported during studying was negatively correlated with GAP. These findings suggest that students interested in excelling in school might be well served by choosing study environments with a low probability of distraction (e. . , studying alone in the library). We argue that such study environments are more likely to foster the kind of concentration and focus necessary for effective learning (I. E. , deliberate practice and self-regulated learning). Based on research on expert musicians and other elite performers, we know that engagement in deliberate practice is not generally spontaneous but that future expert performers habitually practice at regularly scheduled times (Ericson, 1996, 2002).The factors that control engagement in deliberate practice thus differ from the unplanned and spontaneous engagement in more enjoyable and effortless activities, such as leisure activities with friends (Ericson et al. , 1993). The need for sustained concentration, appropriate environment, and sufficiently long uninterrupted time intervals for deliberate practice requires Eng-term time budgeting and active procrastination. Therefore, given the competing demands for time in college, deliberate practice among college students would require active planning of their time.Similarly, self-regulated, effective learning is argued to require careful forethought and planning (Zimmerman, 1998, 2002). Consistent with these propositions, Britton and Tester (1991) argued that because of the multiple demands on students? time, careful planning of time is critical to success. They believe that good organization and goal setting (I. E. , planning activities a week or more in advance) created a more focused approach to studying and more efficient monitoring of goal accomplishment. Such focus and monitoring are critical to deliberate practice.Consistent with their theorizing, they found that self- management practices such as proportioning tasks were predictive of college students? Gaps even when controlling for their SAT scores (also see Groaner Lawmakers Zulu, 2000). In order for students to engage in the high quality of study necessary for deliberate practice, it is also important that students expend the effort to come to the classes and attend a large percentage of them. It is in the classroom where students receive instruction regarding what information and skills need to be studied and practiced for high levels of performance.Therefore, it is expected that a high level of attendance is required for optimal quality of studying. In addition, other demands or draws for students? time tend to influence the use o f available time and, likely, energy 102 for studying. For example, students who work for pay for a large number of hours each week will have fewer hours available for studying and less freedom to choose when to study. As a result, instead of selecting study time eased on motivation and level of energy, people working many hours for pay may be left with fewer options for when to study (e. G. Late at night, between classes), which may lead to less effective and less focused studying. Similarly, students who choose to spend extensive time partying may also limit the available time for studying as well as the quality of their study time. 1. 3. The current study The current study examines those factors likely to indicate the high quality of study among college students, endemic to deliberate practice and self-regulated learning, in hopes that it will help to clarify the relationship teens study time and GAP Specifically, the current study examined a range of factors reflecting conditions prior to the current academic semester (I. . , high-school GAP SAT scores) as well as factors from the current semester (I. E. , study time, study environment, and planning) and attempted to predict college performance both cumulatively and for a current semester. First, we assessed the relationship between estimated study time and cumulative GAP. We then controlled for previous performance in high school, college, and on standardized aptitude tests before examining the effects of factors from the rent semester, including those related to quality of study on college GAP. Once previously acquired knowledge, skills, and abilities are statistically controlled, we predict that factors related to quality and quantity of study would emerge as predictors of college GAP. Therefore, in the current study, participants were asked about a range of their activities in order to gain a detailed picture of the characteristics as well as quantity of their study behavior. Across the factors assessed in the current study, we focused on objective and verifiable information, such as official university records (e. . , GAP, SAT scores).We selected quantifiable assessments that are verifiable in principle and minimally subjective. For example, the time spent studying in the library, attendance to classes, participation in parties, and outside employment can be validated in future studies by direct observation and interviews of close friends and roommates. We also collected information about studying and other activities in diaries. Similar methods have been used to validate concurrent and ret A respective estimates of deliberate practice (Cote, Ericson, Beamer, 2004; Ericson et al. 1993; Kramer Ericson, 1996). By examining a large range of factors simultaneously, the current work allows us to identify those factors that provide an independent contribution to grade point average. We anticipated that students, who reported studying behaviors that reflect important aspects of deliberate practice (I. E. , focused, uninterrupted, and carefully planned) (Ericson, 1996, 2002, AAA; Ericson et al. , 1 993) and characteristics theoretically related to self-regulated learning (Zimmerman, 1998, 2002), would excel.Specifically, based on the findings regarding deliberate practice and the review of the iterative on academic performance and self-regulated learning, we anticipated E. A. Plant et al. / Contemporary Educational Psychology 30 (2005) 96?1 16 103 that students who studied in a quiet environment with fewer distractions and who carefully organized their study time would achieve higher performance. Further, we expected that students who attended a large percentage of classes and had fewer outside competing demands for their time and energy, such as working for pay or frequently attending parties, would have higher Gaps. Finally, when other factors that may influence the quality of study time (e. . , study environment, planning) are taken into account, we predicted that the amount of reported study time would emerge as a predictor of academic performance. 2. Method 2. 1. Participants Participants were 88 volunteer, undergraduate college students (49% male) from Florida State University in Tallahassee, Florida. Participants were required to have completed at least 1 year or 24 credit hours at the university (mean credit hours = 58. 52, SD = 27. 39) to insure that there were enough credit hours to produce a meaningful GAP.Participants were drawn from classes in the departments of Psychology and Education as well as from sports teams at the university. The mean age of the participants was 19. 82 years (SD = 1. 19). All participants signed informed consent documents and release forms for their official university records. 2. 2. Procedure Participation took place in group sessions (typically 15-20 students) in classrooms at the university. Participants were given a packet of materials including a Time Allocation and Academic Performance questionnaire, seven time log forms, and seven stamped and addressed envelopes.